Finally, this section will now explore theories that relate to cybercrime, in this case being hacktivism, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The first theory that relates to this is moral panic. This means something or someone that spreads fear and anxiety through society and threatens. their well-being. This relates to hacktivism, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare because, after small cyber-attacks that were happening in the 80s and 90s, the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York in 2001 impacted how the victims being the governments and national security of many nations and the offenders being the terrorist changed their protocols from this. For example, governments making multiple legislations, laws, cyber units to prevent and defend against any form of terrorist attack and cyber-attacks. This also saw an increase in cyberattacks since the increase of technology all around the world which makes it easier to hack into systems and commit and cyber-attack from anywhere in the world which improves efficiency. The inference being drawn from this is that now that we are in the year 2021, the panic caused after 9/11 caused all the predictions that there were going to be more cyber-attacks because the world is evolving and since 2001, there have been no reported deaths of cyber warfare which is argued if it even exists and small cases of cyberterrorism. This is significant because it implies that the national security of many nations might have exaggerated the cyberwars that were to come, meaning their fear of cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare were irrational. This suggests that countries might not engage in actual cyber warfare but might use it as a strategic tactic in terrestrial wars (Tester, 2012)  

  

The last theory that relates to the topic would be the norm evolution theory. Mazanec (2015) states that norm evolution is the growing development of worldwide norms across states, organizations, government, and many more. This relates to hacktivism, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare because norm evolution implies that when there is a lot of organization involved, leaders and states norm emergence is more likely to happen. In this case, the increase of cyber-attacks worldwide, 9/11 attack caused nations worldwide all to take extra security measures against cybercrimes which eventually didn’t cause as much damage as predicted and this became a norm. This is significant because it shows the impact norm evolution has had. More importantly, there are efforts across nations to encourage the growth of cyber norms such as introducing military training for cyberwarfare, cyber conferences across the world, and many more which also shows how powerful the influence has been spread across nations such as the UK, USA, Russia, Israel and many more. Overall, this section has shown the theories related to hacktivism, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare.