WEEK 4 OF TEACHING       TNA   7.5hrs.

Another week of teaching. We had reflection on the past week’s woke. It was good and I am sure everyone was refreshed and ready for the day’s work.

We were informed about the Tri-partite form, and a meeting with our line managers or mentors in our different work places. The last five pages of the form should be printed, filled, scan and email to our Academic guardian after the meeting.

We looked at the structure and function of blood.

Blood is responsible for transporting gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), waste products, nutrients, and also helps in removing toxins from the body to the liver and contributes in the maintenance of core body temperature.

The composition of blood, it is made up of cellular material in a fluid called Plasma, and it is a circulating tissues consisting of three types of cells that is the Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells ( Leukocytes), and platelets( Thrombocytes).

The formation of blood, hematopoiesis is the formation and development of blood cells and they are all formed in the  hematopoietic stem cell.

We further looked at Anaemia as a red blood cell disorder or disease, its types ( iron deficiency anaemia, aplastic anaemia ,sickle cell anaemia to name but a few) symptoms  and the  treatment for anaemia.

we looked at the White blood cells, there are five different types of White blood cells which are split into two categories.

The  Granulocytes( multi-lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm)and the Agranulocytes( large nucleus no granules). The granulocytes consist of the following:

1.The Neutrophils,

2.The Eosinophils, and

3The Basophils.

The Agranulocytes consist of the following:

1. Lymphocytes.

2. Monocytes.

We looked at Blood Group, that there are four major groups:

Group A: has only A antigens on the red blood cell, and B antibody in the plasma.

Group B: has only B antigens on the red blood cell, and A antibody in the plasma.

Group AB: has both A & B antigens on the red blood cells but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma.

Group O: has neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cells, but both A & B antibody are in the plasma.

We also looked at the Cardiovascular System, its aim and learning outcomes. I learnt that, the cardiovascular system has three components ( the Pump, the Fluid and the Tubes).

The cardiovascular system supply oxygen to the tissues, and transport carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

Its also transport nutrients to the tissues of the body , and remove waste products for excretion from the body by the kidneys and liver.

Dissipation of the heart to maintain normal body temperature and to help maintain homeostasis. Its consist of the Heart (cardio), blood vessels (vascular) arteries, veins, capillaries.

I learnt that the Cardio-Pulmonary Atrium is the Right Atrium-Alveoli, that receives the blood from the body on the right atrium to the Right Ventricle and to the Pulmonary Artery.

The Pulmonary vein carries de-oxygenated blood to the heart. From the left artery to the Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), to the Aortic valve to the Aorta.

The opening and closing of the Bicuspid and Tricuspid valve makes the Lub-Dup sound ( Heart sound).

In summary the right side receives the blood back from the systemic circulation, delivers the blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange, and in the lungs the blood collects oxygen (O2) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) to be exhaled. The left side receives the blood back from the lungs, which is now fully oxygenated, delivers to systemic circulation to supply all the organs with oxygen rich blood.

I also learnt that, the normal heart rate (resting) varies with age.

For new born – 6months 90 – 160.

6 – 12months 80 – 140

one – 3 years 80 – 120

3 – 9 years 70 – 115

9 – 14 years 65 – 105 and

adult 60 – 100.

The function of the vascular system ensure delivery of blood to all tissues to match tissues demands.

To be flexible and adaptable so that blood flow can meet metabolic needs of tissues/body as a whole.

To convert a pulsatile blood flow in arteries into a steady flow in the capillaries where transfer of substances occurs.

 To return blood to the heart.

I learnt that blood pressure is the pressure the blood exert against the walls of arterial blood vessels, this force ensures blood to circulate continuously. And that the circulatory system is a close system so the total flow leaving and returning to the heart will be the same.

Normal blood pressure replies upon 3 key factors:

Cardiac output( the pump)

Peripheral resistance( the tube)

Blood volume ( the fluid).

 The systolic pressure is due to the contraction of the left ventricle forcing blood into the arteries. For adult  110 – 140 mm Hg.

1 year 80 mm Hg

5years 90

10 years 97

15 years 109.

The diastolic pressure the lower pressure which occurs when the ventricular muscle relaxes, allowing the left ventricle to refill ready for the next beat. This is usually reported  as systolic/diastolic, for eg 120/80.

                                                         KSBs ADDRESSED

K14: Understanding the importance of health screening.

K16: Understand body systems and homeostasis, human anatomy and physiology, biology, genomics, pharmacology, social and behavioural sciences as applied to delivery of care.

                                    AFTERNOON SESSION

We looked at Infection Control and use of PPE.

The learning outcomes and its importance. I learnt that there are good bacteria, and we can be find them everywhere. Bacteria can be transmitted by touching, airborne to name bit a few. The elderly, vulnerable are in high risk of viral infection.

We looked at the types of infection, Bacteria( staphylococcus,  pseudomonas)

Virus (norovirus, rotavirus)

Fungus ( candida, aspergillosis).

I learnt about the Health care- Associated infection(HCAI) that it is estimated that 300,000 patients  a year in England acquire a healthcare-associated infection as a result of care within the NHS.  As we are protecting ourselves, we protect the patients also, by protecting the skin, eyes, and clothing. we looked at the different examples of PPE and the Legislative underpinning of PPE.

PPE at work regulation.

Control of substances of Hazardous to Health Regulations (2002)

Health and Safety at Work Act (1974).

We went to a ward setting, where we had a session of the correct way of putting on the PPE and to safely doff  (remove) them to avoid contamination.

We also had a session on the correct moving and handling techniques, ( repositioning and transferring the patient with a pat slide and a sliding sheets), assisting patient with walking from a sitting down position. And on giving personal hygiene to a patients, ( facial wash, bed bath) checking and assessing the patient in the process. In all what you do to the patient, you communicate with the patient in gaining consent.

                                                    KSBs ADDRESSED.

S17:  Protect health through understanding and applying the principles of infection prevention and control, including communicable disease surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship and resistance.

K23:  Know how to meet people’s needs related to mobility, hygiene, oral care, wound care and skin integrity.

S27: Meet people’s needs related to mobility, hygiene, oral care, wound care and skin integrity.