A Voice for the Voiceless

Needless to say, we live in a society riddled with self-serving opportunists who outcast certain groups for their political gain and to the detriment of the working class. The shark-infested waters that politics has become seeks out the weak and devours their hope. Following on from the 2016 referendum which witnessed the public inexplicably lied to and hoodwinked into believing that a better Britain was an independent Britain, the low SES group have seemingly had their heart ripped out of them, particularly the 18-34 manual/unemployed which saw a lowly 35% voter turnout in the 2017 General Election (Ipsos Mori 2017). As democratic institutions lose responsiveness and legitimacy to the aforementioned socioeconomic group due to their lack of engagement, higher socioeconomic groups profit as their vote, in many ways, becomes a national consensus. The question that needs addressing is how do we give a voice to the voiceless?

Fig.1. Significant decline among lower social class groups in GE 2017 from 2016 referendum (Ipsos Mori 2017)

Easy.

I get that we are prisoners of our reality and being 21 years old, some might consider the ship to have sailed in terms of encouraging political engagement for my age and socioeconomic demographic, however, the next generation of low SES can reap the rewards of engaging in politics through education and having the voice I never had. Having previously lived an estate and attended a low socioeconomic status school, the access to learning and exploring the political landscape was minimal at best; often PSCHE/ political classes were filler and an environment to complete homework of other classes.

This must change.

Is it too much to ask for schools to empower their students of low SES? Through the participatory process and giving students positions with a modicum of political value such as school councils as well as citizenship classes with specific learning outcomes, it encourages them to become politically engaged and consequently have a voice. Research by Professor Bryony Hoskins found that in over 6000 students, there were no significant differences in their access to citizenship classes by socioeconomic background, however their voluntary participation saw alarming differences as those from poor social backgrounds are found unwilling to volunteer in political activities (George 2018). Again, we must empower those who feel powerless, and this starts from the bottom up. Tackling this issue in schools will have a baring on higher education whereby the number of students who attend Russell Groups continue to dwindle as only 5 % of English teenagers who took A-levels or equivalent qualifications in 2012-13 and were eligible for free school meals were admitted to Russell Group universities the following year, which incidentally has increased to only 3% of students going to Russell Group (Havergal 2015). This slide in admittance into top unis becomes reflective of the political sphere, an evermore exclusive to those of a high SES and further fuel diplomatic democracy; whereby politicians turn out to be the most educated from the best universities and those who vote are the most educated and wealthy. Consequently, you have a large demographic that feels isolated and left out of politics.

Oh the irony of Theresa May. Having declared to fight the ‘burning injustices’ in British society and to prioritise the working class who were ‘just about managing’ a year prior to the 2017 General Election (George 2018), enter the mismanagement of Grenfell. In the face (or across the street) of Grenfell, lay the upper social class whereby in some parts of the borough, average income can ‘drop ten times as you cross the street’ (Guardian 2017). If any good came from this tragic circumstance is the finger being directed at the Tory government. A web of  social inequalities continues to unravel which ultimately leading the 18-34 low SES voicing their opinions on social media, showing images of the tragic event two years removed and reminding politicians that they have a voice and will continue to preach the social injustice they experience.

They use the people when they want to rise, as we treat a spirited horse when we want to mount him; – for a time we pat the animal upon the neck, and speak him softly; but once in the saddle, then come the whip and spur. – Christian Nestell Bovee – New York Writer

 

Fig.3. YouGov (2017) poll on what Brits think of the social classes. Working class have the nicest people.

For what the data tells us, it is pretty laughable what is exacted in society. Although the working class contribute most to society they are also overwhelmingly treated the worst by government. One might think “well why don’t they do something about it?” Reality is, once you have been politically repressed for a sustained period,  disillusion is inevitable. A quick dive into recent history shows this as 18-34 low SES group saw an encouraging voter turnout of 57% during the 2016 Referendum (6% increase from the 2015 GE) ultimately suffer a 4% fall for the 2017 (Ipsos Mori 2017).

They use the people when they want to rise, as we treat a spirited horse when we want to mount him – for a time we pat the animal upon the neck, and speak him softly; but once in the saddle, then come the whip and spur. – Christian Nestell Bovee.

In the face of Bovee’s damning statement, the mistreatment of the government will not resign our fate. In fact, the voiceless will become the ‘voiceful‘.

 

 

Bibliography

George, M (2018) Call for debates to be compulsory for all secondary pupils. Available at: https://www.tes.com/news/call-debates-be-compulsory-all-secondary-pupils

Grenfell Speaks (2018) On the ground at Grenfell. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3S_5ttJAOwHavergal, C (2015) Russell Group access: poorest fall further behind. Available at: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/russell-group-access-poorest-fall-further-behind (Accessed 05/03/2019)

Ipsos Mori (2017) How Britain Voted in the 2017 Election. Available at: https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted-2017-election

The Guardian (2017) Grenfell Tower MP highlights huge social divisions in London. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/13/grenfell-tower-mp-highlights-huge-social-divisions-in-london (Accessed 05/03/2019)

Notable Quotes (2006) Christian Nestell Bovee Quotes VI. Available at: http://notable-quotes.com/b/bovee_christian_nestell_vi.html

YouGov (2017) What do Brits think of social classes? Available at: https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/09/26/what-do-brits-think-social-classes

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  8. Militants attack church and police in Egypt, one policeman dead
    By REUTERS

    Published: 23:16 GMT, 5 April 2015 | Updated: 23:16 GMT,
    5 April 2015

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    By Ahmed Tolba and Yousri Mohamed

    CAIRO/ISMAILIA, April 5 (Reuters) – Islamist militants hit Egypt’s two largest
    cities on Sunday with a bombing in Cairo and an attack
    on a church in Alexandria, leaving one policeman dead and seven people wounded, security sources said.

    In a separate incident, the leader of a militant group that has targeted police and soldiers around the capital was killed
    in a firefight with security forces early on Sunday,
    the interior ministry said.

    Egypt is facing an insurgency based in North Sinai that has killed hundreds of soldiers and police since the army toppled Islamist president Mohamed Mursi
    in 2013 following mass protests against his rule.

    Most militant attacks have taken place in the Sinai Peninsula, a remote but strategic region bordering
    Gaza, Israel and the Suez Canal. Smaller-scale bombings have
    become increasingly common in Cairo and other cities.

    A bomb explosion on a bridge leading to the upscale Cairo district of Zamalek, which
    hosts many embassies, killed one policeman, the interior ministry said.
    Two more officers and a civilian were injured.

    The force of the bomb, which the sources said was planted in or near a car, left a shallow crater
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    three civilians before fleeing, security sources
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    On Saturday, two bombs exploded near a police station in the residential Imbaba district across the Nile River from Zamalek,
    causing no casualties.

    Sunday’s bombing was claimed on Twitter by Ajnad Misr, a militant group that emerged
    in January 2014 and has targeted security forces in and around Cairo.

    “God has enabled our brave soldiers to plant an IED where the criminal (security) services were gathered on the bridge,” Ajnad Misr’s media wing said.

    In a separate incident, the founder and leader of Ajnad Misr was killed by
    security forces, security sources said.

    Hammam Mohamed Ahmed Attia of Ajnad Misr was shot dead during a clash around 1 a.m.
    (2300 GMT) at an apartment in Giza, a suburb of the capital,
    the security sources said.

    The interior ministry said in a statement that under his leadership, the group
    had launched 26 attacks on police and soldiers.

    Security sources say the group is guided by a conservative
    Salafist Islamist ideology but it is not believed to have ties to al Qaeda or the
    Egyptian affiliate of Islamic State, Sinai Province.

    Sinai Province has claimed responsibility for much of the violence wracking the Sinai, while Ajnad has focused more on the greater
    Cairo area.

    In North Sinai, a soldier was found dead with a
    gunshot wound to the head, apparently executed after militant attacks on Thursday that security sources said killed 17 soldiers and three civilians.
    The army was not immediately available for comment.
    (Reporting by Ahmed Tolba in Cairo and Yousri Mohamed in Ismailia; Additional reporting by Omar Fahmy; Writing By Shadi Bushra;
    Editing by Yara Bayoumy, Tom Heneghan and Marguerita Choy)

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  13. Millions of RBS and Natwest customers locked out of their accounts after
    mobile phone banking app fails in another embarrassing meltdown

    Mobile and tablet apps used by two million people failed today

    Unhappy customers took to social media to complain about the banks

    RBS offered apologies and updates on its official Facebook page

    It took more than an hour longer to reinstate the service to customers who log in through Apple’s iPhone and iPad.

    By SEAN POULTER FOR THE DAILY MAIL

    Published: 20:02 GMT, 28 March 2013 | Updated: 21:45
    GMT, 28 March 2013

    e-mail

    View
    comments

    Millions were shut out of their bank accounts today after another meltdown in the
    computer system at the NatWest and Royal
    Bank of Scotland.

    The mobile Apps used by two million customers to access their accounts from iPhones, Android smartphones and tablets
    failed in the early morning.

    People who were waking up and checking transactions and balances, or trying to make payments, were locked
    out of their accounts for several hours.

    Royal bank of Scotland and Natwest had issues with their
    smartphone and tablet apps affecting millions of people

    The troubled bank, which is 82per cent owned
    by taxpayers, has suffered a series of technical failures that have left customers
    frustrated and angry.

    The bank offered apologies and updates on its official Facebook page in an unsuccessful attempt to
    quell complaints and prevent people switching away.

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    One angry customer wrote: ‘I’ve moved to Barclays after 10 years of nothing but
    hassle from NatWest …… Little Britain must of got the phrase ‘computer says no’ from NatWest’.

    Business and personal mobile banking customers for Natwest, RBS, and Ulster Bank are today experiencing problems

    A second said: ‘So pleased I opened a new account with someone else on Tuesday.
    Natwest are useless.’ 

    A third spoke for many, stating: ‘Hey Natwest, instead of giving your useless bosses at the top
    of Natwest tower massive bonuses, try employing IT people who actually know what they are doing.’ 

    The RBS-Natwest group paid bonuses totalling £607 million for 2012 despite amassing losses of some
    £5.2billion.

    The mobile banking App which operates on the Android software system used by Samsung and others was restored around lunchtime yesterday. 

    However, it took more than an hour longer to reinstate the service
    to customers who log in through Apple’s iPhone and iPad.

    Last summer, a major computer system failure that locked millions out of current accounts cost the bank
    some £175 million in compensation.

    In October, NatWest had to suspend a mobile phone banking App feature called GetCash, after the service
    was subject to a spate of ‘phishing’ attacks by fraudsters.

    The GetCash service, which allows customers to withdraw cash without using a debit card, was later re-instated after security was
    beefed up.

    Just three weeks ago a hardware fault prevented customers from using cash
    machines and also affected online and telephone
    banking services.

    The bank has been heavily promoting the benefits of its mobile phone banking App.
    It recently unveiled a feature called Pay Your Contacts, which
    allows customers to send payments of up to £100 to anyone with a Visa card,
    by entering their mobile number.

    Mobile banking users took to Twitter to ask what was happening

    A spokeswoman for consumer group Which? said the problems will raise wider questions about ‘how robust and up to date banks’ IT
    systems are’.

    She said: ‘Consumers and businesses alike rely on mobile banking services to access their accounts and consumers will rightly want to be
    assured that their money is accessible and safe at all times.’ 

    Laura Willoughby, of the Move your Money campaign group, said: ‘Coming just weeks
    after the last IT failure, this really is the
    last straw for customers fed up with such unhelpful banking.
    RBS is not only too big to fail, but too big to provide proper customer service as well.’ 

    RBS blamed a technical problem that was restricted to the mobile Apps and apologised to customers for the inconvenience.

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  14. Cash AND cards to go the way of the cheque?
    Tech experts say payments by mobile will ‘eliminate’ both by 2020

    Phone chips will become main method of payment

    Users will pay via NFC (‘near field’) chips where they ‘bump’ mobiles on tills to pay

    65% of 1200 experts agreed with statement

    Poll includes experts from Google, Microsoft and Harvard

    By ROB WAUGH

    Published: 12:05 GMT, 18 April 2012 | Updated: 12:05 GMT, 18 April 2012

    24

    View
    comments

    Payments via mobile systems such as NFC (near field communications) chips will overtake both cash AND cards by 2020, claims a
    new report

    The pennies in our pockets could soon be consigned to the history
    books – along with debit and credit cards.

    A poll of technology experts by America’s Pew Internet Research centre found that most predicted that mobile-phone payments would have overtaken both cash AND cards by 2020.

    Of the 1200 experts polled, 65% thought that cash and cards would be nearly wiped out by 2020.

    The poll included Harvard experts as well as engineers from companies such as Google and
    Microsoft.

    The need for either cash or cards will be ‘eliminated’
    by chips in mobile phones.

    In shops, people will ‘bump’ their phones against tills to pay – or simply pay online via apps.

    Many tech experts also believe that the new systems will be MORE
    secure.

    Google chief economist Hal Varian said, ‘Two-factor authentication (secret number + physical
    device) is better than one-factor authentication,
    and smart phones seem to have a natural role here.’

    Microsoft  engineer Christian Huitema says, ‘We have already witnessed the transition from cash to debit/credit cards.
    The electronic wallet is not much more than a ‘virtual card,’ in which near-field
    wireless communication replaces the reading of a
    magnetic stripe.’

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    The poll, which included experts from Harvard and Google, expected that ‘near field communication’ systems – where users ‘bump’ phones against
    tills to transfer funds, as well as online payments from phones, would have overtaken cash and cards in eight years time.

    Based on a technology known as near-field communication (NFC),
    Google Wallet allows users to store payment information in the cloud and pay
    for goods at participating retailers by tapping their phone at
    the point of purchase

    ‘Overall, a majority supported the scenario that by 2020 most people will have embraced and fully adopted the use of smart-device swiping for purchases they
    make, nearly eliminating the need for cash or credit cards,’ says Pew, a respected technology think tank.

    ‘These experts feel that the explosive growth in the use
    of smartphones and other mobile devices, makes these
    systems an obvious choice to replace established modes of payment in day-to-day commerce.’

    The research found that the change is already happening – particularly in America,
    where phones using Google Wallet (a mobile payment system) and
    NFC payment chips are more common.

    A March 2012 Federal Reserve report found that 21% of mobile phone owners
    had used mobile banking services in the past year and that another 11% of mobile owners plan to use such services in the next 12 months.

    The study also found that some 12% of mobile phone owners have made payments—such as
    paying bills online or transferring money directly to another person’s
    account—via their phones.

    In the developing world, the figures are even higher – 20% of
    Kenya’s GDP is sent via text message every year using the
    country’s M-Pesa system.

    In late 2011, Google launched Google Wallet in partnership with Citibank and MasterCard.

    Based on a technology known as near-field communication (NFC), Google Wallet allows users to store payment information in the cloud and pay for goods at participating
    retailers by tapping their phone at the point of purchase.

    Many analysts predict that Apple will announce its own virtual wallet service
    in the near future.

    Google

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  22. Kuwait attack shows Gulf vulnerability to Islamic State
    By REUTERS

    Published: 17:30 GMT, 29 June 2015 | Updated: 17:30 GMT, 29 June 2015

    e-mail

    By Angus McDowall

    KUWAIT, June 29 (Reuters) – By sending a Saudi Arabian suicide bomber to Kuwait and
    recruiting local members of a stateless underclass to help him attack a Shi’ite Muslim mosque, an Islamic State cell struck at the Gulf Arab monarchy’s
    most potent internal divisions.

    Relations have traditionally been good between the 70 percent of Kuwait’s 1.4 million citizens who are Sunni and
    the Shi’ites who make up 30 percent, but regional rivalry between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shi’ite Iran has opened some fissures.

    The country, home to the region’s most open Arab society, is also
    divided between descendents of its original townsfolk and those of
    Bedouin tribes, between Islamists and liberals and between rich and poor.

    For decades, Kuwait’s ruling Al Sabah family has played the social, religious and
    political groupings off against each other, say critics, while sidelining injustices such as the plight of over 130,000 stateless “bidoon”, meaning
    “without”.

    Islamic State is adept at exploiting vulnerabilities with its violently puritanical message and call to an Islamist utopia, a tactic it could use
    in other Gulf Arab states where despite great wealth,
    bitter inequalities persist.

    But while many Kuwaitis say they hope the government will
    respond to this challenge by addressing internal problems and maintaining its open tradition, they fret
    it will instead follow the authoritarian lead of the biggest Gulf state, Saudi Arabia.

    “Now there is a lot of fear after this action that the government will take more measures regarding more security, more limits of rights,” said Mohammed
    al-Dallal, a former member of parliament with the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Islamic Constitutional Movement.

    Friday’s attack, which killed 27 and injured more than 200, put Kuwait on the
    front line of a jihadist problem that has been aggravated in its neighbour Iraq by the tussle for regional dominance between Saudi Arabia
    and Iran.

    Kuwait is a rare island of open debate in the Gulf, with elected MPs who can challenge the ruling family’s appointed government and a tradition of free debate that allows critics
    to publicly question both the state and regional heavyweights.

    TRIBESMEN AND SALAFISTS

    This diversity has carried a political price, as the Al Sabah dynasty has often taken advantage of splits to
    better maintain its rule, giving or withholding patronage to prevent any one group from growing powerful enough to threaten its
    primacy.

    In recent years, seemingly urged on by Gulf allies,
    it has grown less tolerant of dissent, jailing citizens for
    tweets critical of the Al Sabah and changing electoral laws in ways critics say make it harder for the opposition to win a majority in parliament.

    What some fear is that the government will
    now become the last member of the Gulf Cooperation Council,
    which also includes Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, the
    United Arab Emirates and Oman, to approve a
    security agreement that could limit rights.

    Drive up the highway west out of Kuwait City, through dowdy suburbs and large open areas of scrub trees intersected by electricity pylons, and you pass first the bidoon area of Sulaibiya and eventually the tribal
    district of al-Jahra.

    The houses are smaller and shabbier than in Kuwait’s inner city
    where the scions of wealthy merchants, both Sunni and Shi’ite, and the professional classes, make their lives.

    Many bidoon are descendents of Bedouin nomads from inside Kuwait who failed to register with the authorities when its borders
    were set 50 years ago, while others are more recent undocumented migrants from Iraq seeking access to its riches.

    At least two of the suspects Kuwait has detained after Friday’s attack are from this disenfranchised community, as
    was the Iraq-born father of Mohammed al-Emwazi, known in the West as Islamic
    State’s beheader of hostages, Jihadi John.

    “Islamic State will find some angry people because of some social issues. I think number one is the bidoon,” said Dallal, describing
    the issue as a “time bomb”.

    Kuwait’s Bedouin tribes, while much better off than the bidoon, have historically been looked down on by cityfolk, who
    often regarded them as unsophisticated, while they in turn often decried the cosmopolitan urbanites as irreligious.

    It was among these groups that Salafism,
    the ultra-strict strain of Sunni Islam native to Saudi Arabia, has thrived in Kuwait, with its sympathy for tribal traditions, its egalitarian approach to those within its fold and intolerance of Shi’ism.

    Fuhaid al-Humailan, spokesman for a Bedouin Salafi party, condemned
    Friday’s bombing, but then quickly turned to what he described
    as the terrorism perpetrated by the West and Shi’ite Iran against Arab Sunnis
    as representing Kuwait’s main threat.

    NATIONAL UNITY

    In the 1980s, the government encouraged Salafists as
    a counterweight to the Muslim Brotherhood and the
    movement has grown ever since, becoming a force that held many seats in the last parliament and has mobilised young people on the street.

    Although the Muslim Brotherhood has held fundraising events for rebels in Syria, providing cash that
    the West believes may have gone to militants, it is
    Salafists whose ties to jihadist groups most worry Kuwaiti liberals and Shi’ites.

    “Salafist extremism existed in Kuwait a long time ago. But the government gave us deaf ears. They didn’t listen until this tragedy happens,” said Ali al-Baghli, a liberal former oil minister at a diwaniya, as Kuwaitis call their nightly
    salons.

    As Shi’ite victims were buried on Saturday, Kuwait’s flag hung at
    half mast by the emir’s seafront palace and condolences were heard
    in the Sunni Grand Mosque.

    Shi’ites at the funeral, the men and women sipping thimbles of
    tea at the salon held at a liberal political society and Islamists in a Bedouin district outside Kuwait City all commended their ruler, Sheikh
    Sabah al-Ahmed al-Sabah, for visiting the bomb site within an hour of the
    attack.

    Yet despite the emotional pledges of unity and allegiance, few people said they expected meaningful changes in how the Al Sabah handled the grievances Islamic State exploited, and still fewer seemed
    to agree on what changes, if any, should be made.

    (Editing by William Maclean and Philippa Fletcher)

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